Kidney failure, or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a critical medical condition where the kidneys cease to function optimally, leading to a myriad of health complications. This silent and progressive condition is difficult to detect, which makes early detection even more important.
Symptoms of Kidney Failure
Fatigue
Persistent fatigue and weakness are common early signs of kidney failure, attributed to the build-up of toxins in the bloodstream.
Swelling (Edema)
Accumulation of fluid, leading to swelling in the legs, ankles, or face, is a common symptom. The impaired ability of the kidneys to eliminate excess fluid contributes to this oedema.
Shortness of Breath
Kidney failure can lead to anaemia and fluid build-up in the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing and shortness of breath.
Changes in Urination
Alterations in urination patterns, such as increased frequency, foamy urine, or dark-coloured urine, may signal kidney dysfunction.
Pain or Pressure in the Chest
Elevated levels of potassium in the blood (hyperkalemia) can result in chest pain or pressure, posing a risk of heart-related complications.
Persistent Itching
The accumulation of waste products in the bloodstream can cause persistent itching, often more pronounced in the legs.
Loss of Appetite and Weight
Kidney failure can lead to a loss of appetite, nausea, and unintentional weight loss.
Sleep Disturbances
Individuals with kidney failure may experience sleep disturbances, including insomnia or restless legs.
Diagnosis of Kidney Failure
Blood Tests: Blood tests, including serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), help assess kidney function. Elevated levels indicate impaired kidney function.
Urinalysis: Examination of urine for abnormalities, such as the presence of protein or blood, provides insights into kidney health.
Imaging Studies: Imaging tests like ultrasound, CT scans, or MRIs help visualize the structure of the kidneys and identify abnormalities.
Kidney Biopsy: In some cases, a kidney biopsy may be performed to examine a small sample of kidney tissue, aiding in diagnosing the underlying cause of kidney failure.
GFR Measurement: The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a key indicator of kidney function. A GFR test helps determine how efficiently the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood.
Causes of Kidney Failure
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Prolonged and untreated chronic kidney disease stands as a primary precursor to kidney failure. Conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes are significant contributors to the development of CKD.
Diabetes
Diabetes, especially when poorly managed, can inflict considerable damage to the kidneys over time. Elevated blood sugar levels cause strain on the delicate kidney structures, ultimately impairing their function.
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
Uncontrolled high blood pressure poses a grave risk to kidney health. Persistent hypertension damages the blood vessels in the kidneys, hampering their ability to filter waste and fluid efficiently.
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney's filtering units, known as glomeruli, can lead to kidney failure. Glomerulonephritis may result from infections, immune system disorders, or other underlying conditions.
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
A hereditary condition, PKD is characterized by the formation of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. These cysts gradually replace healthy tissue, impairing kidney function over time.
Obstruction of Urinary Tract
Blockages in the urinary tract, such as kidney stones or tumours, can obstruct the flow of urine. Over time, this obstruction can cause damage to the kidneys.
Treatment Perspectives
Dialysis
Dialysis serves as a crucial life-supporting treatment for individuals with kidney failure. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are the two primary modalities that aid in removing waste and excess fluid from the body.
Hemodialysis is a meticulous process where a sophisticated machine, known as a dialyzer, takes on the role of filtering blood outside the body. This artificial kidney, in essence, mimics the functions of healthy kidneys, removing waste products and excess fluids. Regular sessions, often several times a week, become a lifeline for those dependent on this form of dialysis.
Kidney Transplantation
Kidney Transplantation offers a definitive solution for some individuals with kidney failure. A healthy kidney from a living or deceased donor is transplanted into the patient, restoring kidney function.
Medication Management
Medications play a vital role in managing underlying conditions contributing to kidney failure. Controlling blood pressure, managing diabetes, and addressing specific kidney-related issues are integral aspects of medication management.
Dietary Modifications
A carefully curated diet is essential for individuals with kidney failure. Limiting sodium, phosphorus, and potassium intake, along with controlling protein consumption, helps manage the progression of kidney disease.
Disclaimer
This is general information about the disease and treatment options, please consult a specialist doctor for the right diagnosis and treatment which may vary based on each patient. Book an appointment with your specialist to know further.
Royal Care's state-of-the-art hemodialysis unit caters to over 100 patients, ensuring safety with double RO purified water. Our dedicated team prioritises the human touch in patient care. We offer various dialysis modalities, including HDF, plasma exchange, hemoperfusion, SLED, CRRT, cytosol therapy for severe sepsis, MARS for liver disease, and CAPD for home-based treatment. Our ICU is equipped with an exclusive hemodialysis unit, and we also provide kidney transplantation services.
