Lung cancer, a malignant neoplasm, arises from uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues, categorized into non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Tobacco smoking, carcinogen exposure, and genetic factors contribute to its development.
Lung cancer, often referred to as the "silent intruder," can quietly advance before showing noticeable symptoms. Understanding the signs, seeking timely diagnosis, and exploring treatment options are crucial steps in confronting this challenging condition.
Symptoms of Lung Cancer
- Persistent Cough
- Shortness of Breath
- Chest Pain
- Coughing up Blood
- Fatigue and Weight Loss
Diagnosis
Imaging Tests: X-rays, CT scans, and PET scans provide detailed images of the lungs to identify abnormalities.
Sputum Cytology: Analyzing coughed-up mucus for cancer cells aids in diagnosis.
Biopsy Cytology: Analyzing: Tissue samples obtained through bronchoscopy, needle biopsy, or surgery confirm cancer presence.
Staging: Staging determines the extent of cancer spread, influencing treatment decisions.
Stages of Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is systematically staged using the TNM system, where the extent of tumor growth (T), involvement of lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M) are evaluated. The staging ranges from I to IV.
In Stage I, the tumour is localized within the lung, further classified into IA or IB based on size, with no lymph node involvement or distant metastasis. Stage II signifies a larger or more invasive tumour, with potential lymph node involvement but no distant spread. Stage III indicates the presence of cancer in nearby lymph nodes, subdivided into IIIA or IIIB based on specific criteria, and may involve adjacent structures like the chest wall.
The advanced stage, IV, denotes cancer that has spread to distant sites, such as the opposite lung, liver, bones, or brain. Stage IV lung cancer is considered incurable, and treatment focuses on symptom management and extending life. Staging guides treatment decisions, with early stages often eligible for surgery, while advanced stages may require a combination of therapies like chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted treatments. Regular monitoring is crucial for adapting the treatment plan based on the cancer's progression or recurrence.
Treatment
The treatment of lung cancer encompasses a range of modalities, with the approach determined by factors such as the type and stage of cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgical interventions, including lobectomy, pneumonectomy, and wedge resection, are common in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Radiation therapy employs high-energy rays for tumour destruction, serving as a primary treatment or post-surgery to eliminate residual cells. Chemotherapy, utilizing medications to impede cancer cell growth, is often combined with surgery or radiation, particularly in advanced stages.
Targeted therapy focuses on specific molecular characteristics of cancer cells, suitable for certain genetic mutations in lung cancer. Immunotherapy enhances the immune system's ability to recognize and combat cancer cells, particularly effective in some advanced NSCLC cases. Clinical trials allow patients to access innovative treatments tested for efficacy. Additionally, palliative care, emphasizing symptom management and improved quality of life, plays a crucial role, especially in the advanced stages of lung cancer.
The treatment approach is personalized, involving collaboration among oncologists, surgeons, radiation oncologists, and other specialists to design the most effective strategy. Regular monitoring ensures adjustments to the treatment plan based on the patient's response and any changes in the cancer's status.
Disclaimer
This is general information about the disease and treatment options, please consult a specialist doctor for the right diagnosis and treatment which may vary based on each patient.
The New Royal Care Institute of Oncology has a caring team and advanced facilities to improve and extend the lives of cancer patients. You can easily book appointments for services like chemotherapy in a comfortable and safe environment. A special intensive care unit (ICU) for patients with weakened immune systems, ensures a clean and secure space for a quicker recovery.
